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红柳河地区下二叠统拉斑玄武岩,主要表现为低Mg和全碱(Na2O+K2O)以及高Fe和Ti的特征,微量元素Rb、K、Sr和Ba等大离子亲石元素富集,轻稀土元素(LREE)相对富集。La/Yb=10.61~16.87,Th/Ta=1.03~1.99,Fe/Ti=5.30~6.39,Ti/P=5.61~7.30,Ti/Zr=38.83~46.30。另外,Zr=(254~328)×10-6,Zr/Y=5~10,Y/Nb=1.52~2.45。所有这些地球化学特征表明它们主要为板内玄武岩,其岩浆主要源于亏损地幔(DM)和富集地幔(EM)组分的混合,其中富集地幔(EM)为主要端元,且部分熔融程度低,受很低的地壳混染作用。
以天山为主的中亚型造山带,石炭纪时主要洋盆都已经闭合,构造格局进入新的阶段(Coleman,1989;Windley et al.,1990;Allen et al.,1992;马瑞士等,1993;郭召杰等,1993;Sengör et al.,1993;Carroll et al.,1995;Dobretsov et al.,1995;Gao et al.,1998;Jahn,2000a)。近年来的研究表明,在古生代晚期,天山造山带伴随大量花岗岩的侵位(Han et al.,1997;韩宝福等,1999;Hu et al.,2000;Jahn et al.,2000a,2000b;Chen和Jahn,2002)和中基性火山岩的喷发(林克湘等,1997;Wartes et al.,2002;袁明生等,2002;赵泽辉等,2003)。该期花岗岩与造山阶段的岩浆活动明显不同,被认为是造山期后陆壳垂向增生的产物(Han et al.,1997;韩宝福等,1999;Jahn et al.,2000a,2000b)。新疆东部——北山地区二叠纪发育张性断陷盆地,盆地中发育厚层的中基性火山岩。对这些火山岩的研究,不仅对认识东天山的构造演化,而且对了解二叠纪时期该区的构造特征及其深部地质信息具有十分重要的意义。本书以红柳河地区下二叠统玄武岩为研究对象(图1-1-8),通过地球化学特征研究,阐述其形成的构造背景和动力学意义。
图1-1-8 红柳河地区构造地质简图
A—克拉美丽缝合带;B—中天山北缘缝合带;C—南天山缝合带;1—元古宇;2—上震旦统;3—上志留统;4—花岗岩;5—闪长岩;6—下二叠统火山岩;7—下二叠统砾岩;8—下二叠统砂岩;9—大理岩;10—超基性岩体;11—断层;12—铁路;13—第四系
一、区域构造背景
新甘交界红柳河地区位于古生代塔里木地块与中天山地块汇聚缝合带上(李锦轶等,1990;肖序常等,1992;马瑞士等,1993;左国朝等,2003)(图1-1-8)。红柳河蛇绿岩是南天山弧后洋盆的残骸,其缝合时间大致为晚泥盆世(郭召杰等,1993)。晚石炭世—早二叠世,新疆大部分地区的主要洋盆已经关闭(Coleman,1989;李锦轶等,1990;Windley et al.,1990;Allen et al.,1992;肖序常等,1992;Allen et al.,1993;马瑞士等,1993;Carroll et al.,1995;Gao et al.,1998;Chen et al.,1999)。从早二叠世—晚二叠世,在区域上表现为不同断陷带或是断陷盆地的形成,并伴随强烈的火山作用,如三塘湖盆地、吐哈盆地以及北山柳园断陷带和红柳河断陷带(Allen et al.,1991;Carroll et al.,1995;Wartes et al.,2002;赵泽辉等,2003)。
二、下二叠统岩石组合特征
红柳河地区二叠系主要为下二叠统红柳河组,角度不整合在早古生代地层之上,缺失上二叠统。下二叠统为一套海陆交互相碎屑岩,其中红柳河组下亚组下部为砾岩、砂岩及灰岩,最底部是一套磨圆度中等至良好的红褐色厚层状底砾岩。灰岩中采得腕足类化石:Camarophoria cf.mutabilis,Spiriferella sp.,Rhynchopora sp.,Waagenoconcha sp.,Dic⁃tyoclostus sp.,Muirwoodia cf.mammata等,相当于下二叠统上部。红柳河组下亚组上部为绿色、灰绿色玄武岩类岩石夹凝灰砂岩、泥质粉砂岩及碧玉岩透镜体,并出现灰白色灰岩和灰绿色凝灰岩互层(图1-1-9),其中有的玄武岩呈大小不一的枕状,枕间为灰岩充填(图1-1-9)。本亚组在各处的出露厚度不一,其最大厚度为2700m。红柳河组中亚组整合覆盖在下亚组之上,以砂岩或砾岩与下亚组上部的火山喷发岩清楚地分开,为一套碎屑沉积岩,最大厚度为1000m。红柳河上亚组整覆在中亚组之上,主要为灰色、灰绿色及褐红色砾岩及厚层状长石砂岩和复矿砂岩,夹极少量的粉砂岩透镜体,厚2520m。于福生等(2000)在红柳河车站西南红柳河下亚组下部砂质灰岩中也发现了晚石炭-早二叠世生物群落化石,并在该下亚组上部的安山岩中的层状生物碎屑灰岩中发现海百合茎等海相生物化石。本书主要选择了该组中玄武岩做了系列的地球化学分析。
图1-1-9 红柳河枕状玄武岩野外图片
三、地球化学特征
本书选择岩石较新鲜的11个玄武岩样品进行了主要元素分析,并挑选5个代表性的样品进行了微量和稀土元素分析。主要元素数据由中科院地质研究所(HL2~6)和北京大学地质学系研究试验中心(HL7~12)使用X荧光光谱方法分析测试(表1-1-5),微量稀土元素数据由中科院地质研究所使用ICP-MS方法分析测试(表1-1-6)。
表1-1-5 红柳河玄武岩的常量元素组成(wB/%)
注:Fe2O3T为全铁。
(一)主要元素特征
SiO2含量为45.14%~49.60%,主要为基性玄武岩。MgO的含量为2.94%~7.80%,显示为Mg偏低的特征。全碱的含量(Na2O+K2O)为2.31%~4.36%,为一种低碱特征,其中K的含量变化较大,为0.21%~1.51%。TiO2的含量为1.70%~2.19%,P2O5的含量范围为0.21%~0.50%,表现为一种高Ti、P的特征。在AFM图(图1-1-10)上,该区玄武岩落在拉斑玄武岩区(Irvine和Baragar,1971)。
图1-1-10 红柳河玄武岩的AFM图解
(据Irvine和Baragar,1971)
表1-1-6 红柳河玄武岩的微量稀土元素丰度(wB/10-6)
注:(La/Yb)N为球粒陨石标准化。
(二)微量元素特征
微量元素特征:Rb、K、Sr和Ba等大离子亲石元素富集(图1-1-11),其中有两个样品的Rb和K异常富集,可能是玄武岩样品中含有富集Rb和K的杏仁体或气孔充填物所致。La/Yb比值为10.61~16.87,Th/Ta比值为1.03~1.99,Fe/Ti比值为5.30~6.39,Ti/P比值为5.61~7.30,Ti/Zr比值为38.83~46.30。另外,Zr=254~328,Zr/Y比值5~10,Y/Nb=1.52~2.45。
图1-1-11 红柳河玄武岩N-MORB标准化的蜘蛛图解
(标准化值据Sun和McDonough,1989)
(三)稀土元素特征
轻稀土元素(LREE)相对于重稀土元素(HREE)富集(图1-1-12),REE配分模式图类似于洋岛玄武岩的特征,表明玄武岩岩浆主要源于EM。球粒陨石标准化的(La/Yb)N的范围为7.78~12.16,说明LREE和HREE之间有明显的分馏作用。
四、讨论
(一)岩石成因讨论
红柳河下二叠统玄武岩的TiO2和P2O5含量较高,Y/Nb的比值较低(1.52~2.45),表现为类似*拉斑玄武岩的特征(Floyd和Winchester,1975)。另外Zr的含量较高,Zr/Y的比值范围为5~10之间。从Zr和Zr/Y的判别图解上可以看出(图1-1-13),该区玄武岩和典型的板内玄武岩特征一致(Pearce和Norry,1979)。红柳河下二叠统玄武岩的Th/Ta比值为1.03~1.99,La/Yb比值为10.61~16.87。在Th/Ta对La/Yb图(图1-114)中,样品主要分布在亏损地幔(DM)和富集地幔(EM)之间的连线上,反映该玄武岩岩浆主要源于DM和EM两个端元组分的混合成因,其中EM约占为70%~80%的成分,并且部分熔融程度较低,受壳源混染的程度也很低(Condie,2001)。Fe/Ti比值为5.30~6.39,Ti/P比值为5.61~7.30,Ti/Zr比值为38.83~46.30。从Fe/Ti、Ti/P和Ti/Zr对Zr的图(图1-1-15)中可以看出,玄武岩岩浆表现为富集的特征,且部分熔融程度低,可能主要源于EM(La Flèche et al.,1998;Caprarelli和Leitch,2001)。其中Fe/Ti比值主要反映地幔源的部分熔融程度,Ti/P和Ti/Zr主要指示地幔源的富集程度(La Flèche et al.,1998)。
图1-1-12 红柳河玄武岩球粒陨石标准化的REE模式图
(标准化值据Sun和McDonough,1989)
图1-1-13(Zr/Y)-Zr玄武岩判别图解
(据Pearce和Norry,1979)
A区是火山弧玄武岩;B区是大洋中脊玄武岩;C区为大洋中脊玄武岩和火山弧玄武岩;D区为板内玄武岩
(二)构造背景
从岩石组合特征来看,从早二叠世早期沉积的以砾岩为主的海相碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩,随后以玄武岩为主的火山岩喷发,晚期上亚组的灰色砾岩和红褐色砂岩互层,其间并出现灰白色灰岩和灰绿色凝灰岩互层,其中有的玄武岩呈大小不一的枕状,枕间为灰岩充填。总的来说,下二叠统发生在造山期后的山间坳陷中,属磨拉石建造。其特点是与下伏地层具有明显的不整合,属于海陆交互相沉积,厚度巨大,以碎屑岩为主,并伴有基性火山喷发岩,灰岩从下到上由多到少以至消失。以上特征说明红柳河地区早二叠世早期是一种伸展拉张的构造背景,随着不断的拉张断陷,伴随源于幔源的基性岩浆的喷发,随后被灰色砾岩和红褐色砂岩填充。从沉积地层的特征来看,在整个拉张断陷过程中,红柳河地区已经拉张为深度较浅的并伴有基性岩浆的喷发的海盆,但未出现典型的洋壳。
图1-1-14 红柳河玄武岩Th/Ta对La/Yb图解
(据Condie,2001)
图1-1-15 红柳河玄武岩Ti/Zr、Ti/P和Fe/Ti比值对Zr含量的图解
(据La Flèche et al.,1998)
据前所述,天山、准噶尔和阿尔泰等地区多处发育有指示后碰撞幔源岩浆活动的花岗岩的侵位,其时代介于330~250Ma之间,普遍具有正εNd(t)的特征(Hopson et al.,1989;赵振华等,1996;周泰禧等,1996;Han et al.,1997;韩宝福等,1999;Hu et al.,2000;Jahn et al.,2000a;Jahn et al.,2000b;Chen和Jahn,2002),反映了该区域可能从晚石炭世造山的挤压环境转化为造山后伸展拉张的构造背景。
五、结论
以上特征表明,红柳河下二叠统拉斑玄武岩喷发于深度较浅的海盆之中,是一种板内裂谷玄武岩,其岩浆主要源于亏损地幔和富集地幔成分的混合,其中富集地幔为主要端元,且部分熔融程度低,受很低的地壳混染作用。
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