Python类和实例变量的理解与运用？
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发布时间：2022-04-22 08:09
共1个回答
热心网友
时间：2022-06-18 09:17
一般来说，实例变量用于对每一个实例都是唯一的数据，类变量用于类的所有实例共享的属性和方法:
class Dog:
kind = 'canine' # class variable shared by all instances
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name # instance variable unique to each instance
>>> d = Dog('Fido')
>>> e = Dog('Buddy')
>>> d.kind # shared by all dogs
'canine'
>>> e.kind # shared by all dogs
'canine'
>>> d.name # unique to d
'Fido'
>>> e.name # unique to e
'Buddy'
正如在 术语相关 讨论的， 可变 对象，例如列表和字典，的共享数据可能带来意外的效果。例如，下面代码中的 tricks 列表不应该用作类变量，因为所有的 Dog 实例将共享同一个列表:
class Dog:
tricks = [] # mistaken use of a class variable
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def add_trick(self, trick):
self.tricks.append(trick)
>>> d = Dog('Fido')
>>> e = Dog('Buddy')
>>> d.add_trick('roll over')
>>> e.add_trick('play dead')
>>> d.tricks # unexpectedly shared by all dogs
['roll over', 'play dead']
这个类的正确设计应该使用一个实例变量:
class Dog:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
self.tricks = [] # creates a new empty list for each dog
def add_trick(self, trick):
self.tricks.append(trick)
>>> d = Dog('Fido')
>>> e = Dog('Buddy')
>>> d.add_trick('roll over')
>>> e.add_trick('play dead')
>>> d.tricks
['roll over']
>>> e.tricks
['play dead']
总结后的知识点希望能帮到你
