罗马尼亚语中怎么确定名词的性和复数形式

发布网友发布时间：2022-04-24 10:01

共1个回答

热心网友时间：2022-05-03 09:11

（1）罗马尼亚语中怎么确定名词的性？
答：[1]语音方式：The following phonetic rules can be used, to some degree, to infer the grammatical gender for nouns when these are in their nominative singular form, and without any determiner that could help in recognizing the gender.

Nouns ending in a consonant or in vowel or half-vowel u are almost always masculine or neuter:
masculine: "om" (man, human being), "copil" (child), "bou" (ox, bull);
neuter: "ac" (needle), "drum" (road), "ou" (egg), "lucru" (thing, job);
feminine proper nouns of foreign origin or diminutives: "Carmen," "Corinuş" (diminutive from "Corina"), "Catrinel," "Lulu."
Nouns ending in ă are feminine with very few exceptions:
feminine: "fată" (girl), "piatră" (stone), "haină" (coat);
masculine: "tată" (father), "popă" (priest);
Nouns ending in stressed a (including those ending in stressed ea or ia) are feminine:
"sofa" (sofa), "cafea" (coffee), "nuia" (wicker).
Nouns ending in e are generally feminine, but many masculine and a few neuter exceptions exist:
feminine: "carte" (book), "femeie" (woman), "mare" (sea), "cheie" (key);
masculine: "frate" (brother), "iepure" (hare, rabbit), "perete" (wall);
neuter: "nume" (name).
Nouns ending in i are mostly masculine or neuter, with some feminine exceptions:
masculine: "ochi" (eye), "pui" (chicken), "unchi" (uncle);
neuter: "unghi" (angle), "ceai" (tea), "cui" (nail), "nai" (Pan's pipe);
feminine: "zi" (day), "tanti" (aunt).
These rules can be further refined when the noun is recognized as being derived from other words by use of specific endings, as follows:

Masculine nouns:
-ist: "chimist" (chemist), "jurnalist" (journalist);
-an, -ian: "american" (American), "fizician" (physicist);
-or, -tor: "profesor" (teacher, professor), "muncitor" (worker);
-ez: "englez" (Englishman), "chinez" (Chinese);
-ar: "demnitar" (statesman), "fierar" (blacksmith);
others: "geamgiu" (glazier), "paznic" (guard), "frizer" (hairdresser), "român" (Romanian), etc.
Neuter nouns:
-ism: "capitalism" (capitalism), "arhaism" (archaism);
-ment, -mânt: "amuzament" (amusement), "abonament" (subscription), "învăţământ" (ecation) - but "ferment" (ferment) is masculine;
-ut, -it, -at, derived from the past participle of verbs: "început" (beginning), "trecut" (past), "sfârşit" (end), "morărit" (milling), "uscat" (land), "oftat" (sigh);
-aj: "sondaj" (poll), "garaj" (garage), "afişaj" (display).
Feminine nouns:
-oare, -toare: "onoare" (honor), "înotătoare" (swimmer) - but "soare" is masculine;
-are, -ere, -ire, -âre, derived from the long infinitive of verbs: "salvare" (ambulance), "plăcere" (pleasure), "amintire" (recollection), "hotărâre" (decision);
others: "emisiune" (broadcast, TV show), "greutate" (difficulty), "bucurie" (joy), etc.
[2]语意方式：Rules other than phonetic can be used when the meaning of the noun is known or at least its semantic group is recognized. In this category obvious examples are proper names of people, or nouns designating nationality, profession, etc. Nouns referring to animals and birds are always specific to their biological gender, and often occur in pairs the same way as we have cow and bull in English. Less obvious situations are described below.

Masculine nouns:
most tree names: "brad" (fir), "stejar" (oak), "mesteacăn" (birch), but some are feminine: "salcie" (willow), "magnolie" (magnolia);
mountains and mountain chains, often in the plural: "Carpaţi" (Carpathians), "Bucegi," "Retezat," "Făgăraş";
others: months of the year, letters of the alphabet, musical notes, figures, etc.
Feminine nouns:
names of countries and continents when they end in a: "Franţa" (France), "Japonia" (Japan), "America" (America), otherwise they are neuter: "Mexic" (Mexico), "Vietnam" (Vietnam);
the seasons of the year: "vară" (summer), "iarnă" (winter);
the days of the week: "luni" (Monday), "minică" (Sunday).
（2）罗马尼亚语中怎么确定复数形式？
答：
[1]阳性名词复数
单数复数范例
《-cons.》 <-cons.+i>
“pom - pomi (tree)
doctor - doctori (doctor)
copil -* copii (children)
om -* oameni (man, human being)”
《-u》 <-i>
“codru - codri (forest)
leu - lei (lion)”
《-e》 <-i>
“frate - fraţi (brother)
peşte - peşti (fish)”
《-i》 <-i>
“ochi - ochi (forest)
unchi - unchi (uncle)”
《-ă》 <-i>
“tată - taţi (father)
popă - popi (priest)”
[2]阴性名词复数
单数复数范例
《-ă》 <-e>
“casă - case (house)
fată - fete (girl)
zi -* zile (day)”
《-ă》 <-i>
“lună - luni (moon, month)
barcă - bărci (boat)
soră -* surori (sister)
mână -* mâini (hand)”
《-ă》 <-uri>
“marfă - mărfuri (merchandise)
lceaţă - lceţuri (jam)”
《-e》 <-i>
“carte - cărţi (book)
vale -* văi (valey)”
《-vowel+ie》 <-vowel+i>
“e - băi (bathroom)
felie - felii (slice)”
《-cons.+ie》 <-cons.+ii>
“frecţie - frecţii (massage)
farfurie - farfurii (plate)”
《-a》 <-ale>
“basma - basmale (head kerchief)
pijama - pijamale (pajamas)”
《-ea》 <-ele>
“cafea - cafele (coffee)
saltea - saltele (mattress)”
《-i》 <-i>
“miercuri - miercuri (Wednesday)
tanti - tanti (aunt)”
[3]中性名词复数
单数复数范例
《-cons.》 <-cons.+iuri>
“vin - vinuri (wine)
loc - locuri (place)”
《-cons.》 <-cons.+e>
“picior - picioare (foot, leg)
oraş - oraşe (city)
cap -* capete (head)”
《-u》 <-uri>
“lucru - lucruri (thing)
pariu - pariuri (bet)”
《-u》 <-e>
“muzeu - muzee (museum)
teatru - teatre (theater)”
《-u》 <-ă>
“ou - ouă (egg)”
《-iu /ǐu/》 <-ii /iǐ/>
“exerciţiu - exerciţii (exercise)
fotoliu - fotolii (armchair)”
《-iu /iǔ/》 <-ie /i.e/>
“sicriu - sicrie (coffin)
burghiu - burghie (drill)”
《-i /ǐ/》 <-ie /ǐe/>
“tramvai - tramvaie (tram)
pai - paie (straw)”
《-i /i/》 <-iuri>
“taxi - taxiuri (taxi)”
《-e》 <-e>
“nume - nume (name)
prenume - prenume (first name)”

在以上的表[1]、表[2]以及表[3]中，

《》代表单数

<> 代表复数

“”代表范例