帮忙翻译一下(英译中)
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发布时间：2022-04-26 17:37
共2个回答
热心网友
时间：2022-05-02 16:48
19世纪粮食运输系统重整再造工程
Before 1850, most grain was marketed in sacks and depended almost entirely on water transport.
1850年之前，大多数的粮食都有用麻袋包装并通过水路运输
Sacks had certain advantages given the logistics of the period.
在那个年代，麻袋包装也给了后勤运输一定的便利
Sacks of grain could fit into the awkward spaces of the river boats and could be carried on a man’s shoulder across gang planks, down a set of stairs and along narrow corridors.
麻袋包装的粮食可以塞进船只狭小的空间，并可以用肩膀扛，上楼梯，过走廊
The disadvantages of sacks were equally compelling.
当然麻袋的不足也同样明显
Handling was very labour- intensive and consequently expensive.
运输过程过度依赖人力且成本相当高
There were few opportunities for economies of size and the water routes were circuitous and slow.
成本不太经济划算且水路运输太麻烦，速度慢
Marketing grain in sacks incurred high transactions costs.
市场上卖的麻袋装粮食导致很高的交易成本
No buyer would purchase grain sight unseen.
也没有人会原意买看都看不到的粮食
This meant that each lot of sacks had to be kept separately, with a corresponding paper trail.
这就意味着每个麻袋必须分开放置，并且贴上个相应的标签
All risk of physical loss, as well as the risk of a price change, was
borne by the shipper.
所有物料损失，价格变化的风险都得由货主（托运者）承担
Consequently, freight insurance was a major cost associated with handling grain in sacks (Cronon, 1991).
因此，货运保险就成了麻袋装粮食运输的最重要成本
Re-engineering of grain handling in the 1850s was caused by technological and institutional changes that accompanied the invention of the telegraph (1844) and the expansion of the railway.
1850年期间，伴随着电报的发明及铁路的发展，由技术及行业变革引发了粮食运输的再造工程。
The speed of oncoming trains had to be very slow with a manual system to signal an approaching train.
即将进站的火车必须以极低速行使且需要对迎面开来的火车打人工信号
The speed of the telegraph signals enabled the trains to run faster and safer (Yates, 1989; Lubrano, 1997).
电报的速度使得火车可以跑得更快更安全
This encouraged the building of rail lines over longer distances
and increased their competitiveness for freight.
这大大刺激了长距离铁路建设跟提升了运输竞争力
Only 2,800 miles of railway track had been built by 1840.
到1840年止，铁路的总建成长度仅有2800公里
The railway network expanded to 9,000 miles within six years of Samuel Morse’s invention.
而在其后的6年内之内，依靠Samuel Morse的发明，铁路系统延展到9000公里
A method of handling grain in bulk was demonstrated by Joseph Dart at Buffalo, NY, in 1842.
1842年，在纽约水牛城，一项大批量粮食运输的新理念由Joseph Dart酝酿而生
The railways were early promoters of bulk handling1 because it reced their labour costs and sped up the loading of railcars.
铁路成为粮食大批量运输的最初推动者是由于它降低了人力成本及运载量的提升
Lack of an accepted grading system impeded bulk handling of grain.
由于缺乏可行性的分类办法，阻碍了粮食的大批量运输
As long as ownership and value were distinguished by indivial lots of grain, commingling was impossible.
随着粮食货物批次的货主跟价值区分，混合运输难以继续
The first grading system for grain was introced in 1856 by the
Chicago Board of Trade.
最初的粮食分类系统办法由芝加哥贸易行在1856年最初启用
The ability to mix lots into a fungible commodity eliminated the need
for buyers and sellers to be in physical proximity to the proct, or to each other, when concting their transactions.
他们可以将混运货物替换的做法使得货主和买主不再需要亲自认领货物，或者交易时可以单独认购
The superior speed and lower cost of the railway would have increased bulk transport in any case, but the impact of the telegraph on transactions costs, sealed the fate of traditional grain handling.
铁路运输高速且低成本使得粮食大批量可以在任何情况下进行，电报交易的成本的影响作用也确保了粮食运输的进行
Information about prices, quality and quantity moved at the same speed as the transport of goods prior to the telegraph.
价格信息，质量和数量都能通过电报随着运输同时传达到位
不好意思，由于仓促，难免有误，将就一下....
热心网友
时间：2022-05-02 18:06
Before 1850年，多数五谷在大袋被销售了并且几乎完全地依靠水
transport. 大袋有指定的某些好处期间的后勤学。 大袋五谷可能
fit到河船的笨拙空间里，并且能继续横跨的man’s肩膀gang板条，在一套台阶下和沿狭窄的走廊。 大袋的缺点是
equally强迫。 处理是非常劳动密集型和因而昂贵的。 那里
were大小经济的少量机会和水路线是迂回和慢的。 在大袋的Marketing五谷招致高交易费用。 买家不会购买 未看见grain的视域。 这意味着每全部大袋必须分别地被保留，与a
corresponding纸张痕迹。 物理损失的所有风险，并且价格变动的风险，是由托运人的borne。 结果，运费保险是主要费用与处理交往在大袋(Cronon的grain 1991)。 处理在19世纪50年代的五谷Re-engineering是由技术造成的和 伴随通信机的institutional变动(1844)和扩展的发明of铁路。 近来火车的速度必须是非常慢的以人工制发信号
an接近的火车。 电报信号的速度使火车跑更加快速和更加安全的
(Yates 1989年; lubrano 1997)。 这鼓励了铁路线大厦在更长的距离的and为货物增加了他们的竞争性。 仅2,800英里铁路轨道是被建立的
by 1840年。 铁路系统在六年扩展了对9,000英里塞缪尔Morse’s 内invention. 处理五谷A方法散装由水牛城的， NY约瑟夫・ Dart展示，
1842. 因为它减少了他们的人工成本，铁路是大块handling1的早期的促进者and加速了铁路车装货。 缺乏一个被接受的叙级制度妨碍了散装货物的装卸
of五谷。 只要归属和价值由各自的许多五谷区别，
commingling是不可能的。 五谷的第一个叙级制度在1856年被介绍了被
Chicago贸易委员会。 能力混合全部入一件可代替的商品消灭了需要
for买家和卖主在与产品的物理接近度或者互相，当
concting他们的交易。
The优越速度和便宜铁路将增加散装运输
any案件，但是通信机的冲击对交易费用，密封了传统五谷命运 handling. 关于价格、质量和数量的信息移动了以速度和一样 物品transport在通信机之前的
