贸易类翻译
发布网友
发布时间：2022-05-17 09:11
共2个回答
热心网友
时间：2023-10-16 19:49
(1) mercantilism. Mercantilism is 16 to the 17th century capitalist mode of proction in Europe ring preparations for the protection of universal implementation of trade policy. Mercantilism commercial capital on behalf of the interests of the pursuit of the goal is to gold and silver concentration of wealth in the country, and capital accumulation. Early mercantilism focus on monetary difference between the advocates to expand exports and rece imports or no imports, exports can be increased because of currency income, while imports must be spending money. Provisions of businessmen on their part must ensure that trade gold and silver back to domestic or foreign currency, foreign businessmen to their trade must all sales proceeds for the purchase of domestic goods. Prohibit the export of currency and precious metals, all the money from the state monopoly of trade. Late mercantilism focus on the trade balance, import and export of currency from control to control the import and export goods. Stands for export incentives, import restrictions, to ensure that surplus to achieve the purpose of gold and silver currency inflows.
(2) infant instry protection policy. Infant instry protection policy is 18 to the 19th century capitalism free competition ring the United States, Germany and other capitalist countries后起the protection of trade policy. At the time, these countries are just beginning to the instrial stage of the naive, not competitive, not with the British forces of instrial competition, the governments of these countries on behalf of the instrial interests of the bourgeoisie, for the development of domestic instries, trade protection policy. The main method of protection is the establishment of strict protective tariff system, through high tariffs undermine the competitiveness of foreign goods, while also taking some measures to encourage exports and improve the competitiveness of domestic goods, so as to achieve the protection of infant instries national development.
(3) ultra-trade protection policy. Ultra-trade policy is to protect the 19th century monopoly capitalism ring the Second World War to the capitalist countries ring the implementation of the universal protection of trade policy. During this period, the monopoly instead of free competition and become the basis of social and economic life. At the same time, the various contradictions in capitalist society further exposed, the world market competition has become fierce. Thus, countries Monopoly Capitalist Class in order to monopolize the domestic market and for foreign markets, have called for the protection of trade policy. However, this period of protection of trade policy and the protection of free competition era trade policies are obvious differences, is a aggressive protection of trade policy, so called super-protection trade policies.
Super protection of trade policy has the following characteristics:
a, the object is no longer the protection of domestic infant instries, but a highly developed country or a decline of the monopoly instries;
b, the purpose of protection of domestic instry is no longer cultivate the ability to free competition, but monopoly of domestic and foreign markets;
c, to protect not only the means of tariff barriers, but also a variety of restrictions into the award to the measures.
(4) new trade protectionism. New trade protectionism after the Second World War is a tendency to reflect on trade liberalization, formed in the mid-1970s. , The capitalist countries experienced two economic crisis, economic recession, the plight of a stagflation, increasing employment pressure, the market increasingly serious problem. Especially in the post-war trade liberalization starting in the leading role of the United States, the competitiveness in the world market, increasingly faced with Japan and the EC countries of challenges, from the 1970s onwards, the trade surplus to deficit, and the difference Growing rapidly. In such circumstances, the United States took the lead to trade protectionism, and have caused countries follow suit, resulting in new trade protectionism to spread and expansion.
The reason why the new trade protectionism "new" because the traditional trade protectionism than in the protection of the means of a notable features:
a, protective measures from the past to direct trade restrictions and tariff barriers are graally being mainly indirect trade restrictions replaced;
b, the policy focus from the past to restrict imports to encourage exports, bilateral and multilateral negotiations and coordination become an important means of expanding trade;
c, from the national trade barriers to regional trade barriers, common practice within the region and outside the region, opening up the common protection.
热心网友
时间：2023-10-16 19:49
(1)Mercantile system.The mercantile system is the protectionism policy that the capitalism mode of proction of 16-17 centuries prepares widespread execution in period and European all countries.The mercantile system represents the benefits of the merchant capital, the target for pursue is to chase the gold and silver wealth concentration in the domestic, carrying out the capital backlog.In early days the mercantile system paid attention to the currency difference in amount, laying claim to the extension exit and recing to import or basically not import, import and must expend the currency because the exit can increase the currency income,.Rule the native businessman go out the trade and must guarantee to have a part of gold and silvers or foreign currency to bring back the domestic;The foreign businessman comes to the our country trade and must gain the sale useds for purchasing the native merchandise all.Forbid the currency and precious metals export, breaking all currency trades from the national 垄 .The mercantile system of later period pays attention to the balance of trade, turning in to control the merchandise import and export from the control currency import and export.The assertion passes the reward exit, limitting to import, guaranteeing the export surplus, to attain the purpose of the gold and silver currency afflux.
(2)The immature instry protection policy.The immature instry protection policy is the protectionism policy that the capitalism nation that period United States, German etc. of capitalism free competition of 18-19 centuries rises behind practice.At that time, the instry of these nations be placed in just the immature stage of the start, lack the competition ability, have no power and the instry article competition of Englands, the government of these nations representative the instry propertied class benefits, in order to develop the native instry, practice the protectionism policy.Method of protect mainly is to build up the strict protective tariff system, pass the competition ability that the high tariff weakens the foreign merchandise;Also adopt some measure of export drive, raise the competition ability of the local merchandise, to attain to protect the race purpose of the immature instry development.
(3)Super protectionism policy.The super protectionism policy is the protectionism policy that the end of 19 centuries goes to the capitalism of period of World War II to break the national widespread execution of period and each capitalism.Expect at that time here, the 垄 broke to replace the free competition, becoming the foundation of the social economy life.At the same time, capitalism society of various antinomy further revelation, the competition of the market of world start become vigorous.Hence, all countries breaks the propertied class to break the local market and fight the international market for the sake of the 垄 , requesting to practice the protectionism policy in succession.But, this protectionism policy and the protectionism of period free competition policies that expect at that times have the obvious differentiation, is a kind of protectionism policy that invades sex, so call it as the super protectionism policy.
The super protectionism policy has the following characteristics:
The a, protective object is not the local and immature instry any more, but the domestic height is flourishing or appear the falling off to break the instry;
The b, protective purpose is not the free competition ability that raises the home instry any more, but the breaks the domestic and international market;
The c, protective means not only is the tariff barracks only, but also appeared the limit of various each kind to enter the measure of the prize.
(4)The new trade protects the doctrine.The new trade protect doctrine is to trade the self-reflection of the liberalism tendency after World War II, become in 70's in 20 centuries middle.Period, the capitalism nation experienced the two economic crisis, economic emergence decline, sink into the predicament of the bulge of , take up employment the pressure aggrandizement, the market problem is graally serious.Rise the United States of lead the function in post-war trade liberalism particularly, in the competition of the market of the world, face Japan and the challenge of total body nation in Europes increasingly, since 70's in 20 centuries, the surplus turns into the unfavorable variance from the trade, and the difference in amount rises quickly.In this kind of case, the United States leads off to change direction the trade protection doctrine, and cause all countries to follow bad examples in succession, cause new trade protection the doctrine can spread and extend.
The new trade protection doctrine of so" new", is because protect the doctrine with traditional trade to compare, have the characteristics of show the in protecting the means:
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