Gingo biloba
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发布时间：2022-05-12 02:51
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热心网友
时间：2023-11-04 22:20
Extracts of Ginkgo leaves contain flavonoid glycosides and terpenoids (ginkgolides, bilobalides) and have been used pharmaceutically. Ginkgo supplements are usually taken in the range of 40–200 mg per day. Recently, careful clinical trials have shown Ginkgo to be ineffective in treating dementia or preventing the onset of Alzheimer's Disease in normal people.[26][27]
[edit] In memory enhancement
Ginkgo is believed to have nootropic properties, and is mainly used as memory[28] and concentration enhancer, and anti-vertigo agent. However, studies differ about its efficacy. The largest and longest independent clinical trial to assess ginkgo biloba’s ability to prevent memory loss has found that the supplement does not prevent or delay dementia or Alzheimer’s disease.[29] Some controversy has arisen over the conclusions drawn by some studies that were funded by a firm which marketed Ginkgo.[30]
In 2002, a long-anticipated paper appeared in JAMA (Journal of the American Medical Association) titled "Ginkgo for memory enhancement: a randomized controlled trial." This Williams College study, sponsored by the National Institute on Aging rather than Schwabe, examined the effects of ginkgo consumption on healthy volunteers older than 60. The conclusion, now cited in the National Institutes of Health's ginkgo fact sheet, said: "When taken following the manufacturer's instructions, ginkgo provides no measurable benefit in memory or related cognitive function to alts with healthy cognitive function." ... The impact of this seemingly damning assessment, however, was ameliorated by the almost simultaneous publication of a Schwabe-sponsored study in the less prestigious journal Human Psychopharmacology. This rival study, concted at Jerry Falwell's Liberty University, was rejected by JAMA, and came to a very different—if not exactly sweeping—conclusion: There was ample evidence to support "the potential efficacy of Ginkgo biloba EGb 761 in enhancing certain neuropsychological/memory processes of cognitively intact older alts, 60 years of age and over."
According to some studies, Ginkgo can significantly improve attention in healthy indivials.[31][32] In one such study, the effect was almost immediate and reaches its peak in 2.5 hours after the intake.[33]
[edit] In dementia
Ginkgo has been proposed as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease on the basis of positive preclinical results in mice.[34] However, a randomized controlled clinical trial published in JAMA in 2008 found it ineffective at treating dementia in humans.[26][35] A second randomized, controlled trial published in JAMA in 2009 similarly found no benefit from ginkgo in preventing cognitive decline or dementia.[27]
[edit] In other symptoms
Out of the many conflicting research results, Ginkgo extract may have three effects on the human body: improvement in blood flow (including microcirculation in small capillaries) to most tissues and organs; protection against oxidative cell damage from free radicals; and blockage of many of the effects of platelet-activating factor (platelet aggregation, blood clotting)[36] that have been related to the development of a number of cardiovascular, renal, respiratory and central nervous system disorders. Ginkgo can be used for intermittent claudication.
Some studies suggest a link between ginkgo and the easing of the symptoms of tinnitus.[37]
Preliminary studies suggest that Ginkgo may be of benefit in multiple sclerosis, showing modest improvements in cognition[38] and fatigue[38] without increasing rates of serious adverse events in this population.
A study concted in 2003 by the Department of Dermatology, Postgraate Institute of Medical Ecation and Research in Chandigarh, India concluded that Ginkgo is an effective treatment for arresting the development of vitiligo.[39]
[edit] Side effects
Ginkgo may have undesirable effects, especially for indivials with blood circulation disorders and those taking anticoagulants such as ibuprofen, aspirin, or warfarin, although recent studies have found that ginkgo has little or no effect on the anticoagulant properties or pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects.[40][41] Ginkgo should also not be used by people who are taking certain types of antidepressants (monoamine oxidase inhibitors and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors[42][43]) or by pregnant women, without first consulting a doctor.
Ginkgo side effects and cautions include: possible increased risk of bleeding, gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, dizziness, heart palpitations, and restlessness.[43][44] If any side effects are experienced, consumption should be stopped immediately.
[edit] Allergic precautions and contraindications to use
People taking pharmaceutical blood thinners such as warfarin or coumadin should consult with their doctor before taking Gingko biloba extracts, as it acts as an anti-coagulant.
The presence of amentoflavone in Gingko biloba leaves would indicate a potential for interactions with many medications through the strong inhibition of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9; however, there is a lack of any empirical evidence supporting this. It is possible that the concentration of amentoflavone found even in commercial Gingko biloba extracts is too low to be pharmacologically active.
Ginkgo biloba leaves also contain long-chain alkylphenols together with the extremely potent allergens, the urushiols (similar to poison ivy).[45] Indivials with a history of strong allergic reactions to poison ivy, mangoes, and other urushiol-procing plants are more likely to experience an adverse reaction when consuming Ginkgo-containing pills, combinations, or extracts.
热心网友
时间：2023-11-04 22:20
一边就像一辆过时的联合收割机，
而每一位年轻的人滑下长长的滑道
滑向快乐，更哈哈无止息。我好奇，
不知道是否有人，在四十年前，
看着我并想着，那就是人
