《解放宣言》

发布网友发布时间：2022-05-29 18:29

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热心网友时间：2023-11-03 06:57

《解放宣言》

Emancipation Proclamation

1863年1月1日，总统A.林肯颁布的一项旨在使美国南部叛乱州的黑人奴隶成为自由民的法令。南北战争初期，联邦*军失利。为扭转战局，1862年9月22日，林肯召开内阁会议，公布预告性《解放宣言》。宣布：如果在1863年1月1日以前南方叛乱者不放下武器，叛乱诸州的奴隶将从那一天起获得自由并受保障。1863年元旦，林肯依据*所授予的合众国陆海军总司令的职权，颁布了《解放宣言》。正式宣布：仍在反叛联邦的各州及若干区域内，“所有被据为奴隶的人们立即获得自由，并且以后将永保自由”，“获得自由的人们”，“将被容纳于联邦的武装部队”，为联邦服务。此举使大批黑人奴隶参加了联邦军队，战争后期达到18万人。但《解放宣言》不适用于没有参加叛乱的边界蓄奴州，对这些州的奴隶解放仍按1862年4月国会决议，采取自愿的、逐步的、有偿的方式实行。《解放宣言》是作为军事措施颁布的，没有以*的形式固定下来。1865年和1868年，国会分别通过了*第13、14条修正案，才正式废除奴隶制。

《解放宣言》是联邦成立以来美国历史上最重要的文件之一，得到国内外进步人士和广大劳动群众的坚决支持和拥护。根据宣言，有400万黑奴获得自由。被解放的黑奴成为联邦军队得力的同盟军，扭转了南北战争的战局，并保证联邦*夺得最后胜利。

Whereas, on the twenty-second day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, a proclamation was issued by the President of the United States, containing, among other things, the following, to wit:

"That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State, or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.

"That the Executive will, on the first day of January aforesaid, by proclamation, designate the States and parts of States, if any, in which the people thereof respectively, shall then be in rebellion against the United States; and the fact that any State, or the people thereof, shall on that day be in good faith represented in the Congress of the United States by members chosen thereto at elections wherein a majority of the qualified voters of such State shall have participated, shall in the absence of strong countervailing testimony, be deemed conclusive evidence that such State, and the people thereof, are not then in rebellion against the United States."

Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested as commander-in-chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, in time of actual armed rebellion against authority and government of the United States, and as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion, do, on this first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, and in accordance with my purpose so to do, publicly proclaimed for the full period of one hundred days from the day first above mentioned, order and designate as the States and parts of States wherein the people thereof, respectively, are this day in rebellion against the United States, the following, to wit:

Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana (except the parishes of St. Bernard, Plaquemines, Jefferson, St. John, St. Charles, St. James, Ascension, Assumption, Terrebonne, Lafourche, St. Mary, St. Martin, and Orleans, including the city of New Orleans), Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia (except the forty-eight counties designated as West Virginia, and also the counties of Berkley, Accomac, Northampton, Elizabeth City, York, Princess Ann, and Norfolk, including the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth), and which excepted parts are, for the present, left precisely as if this proclamation were not issued.

And by virtue of the power and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States and parts of States are, and henceforward shall be, free; and that the Executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons.

And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free to abstain from all violence, unless in necessary self-defence; and I recommend to them that, in all cases when allowed, they labor faithfully for reasonable wages.

And I further declare and make known, that such persons of suitable condition, will be received into the armed service of the United States to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service.

And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution, upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind and the gracious favor of Almighty God.

In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed.

Done at the city of Washington, this first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, and of the Independence of the United States of America the eighty-seventh.

Abraham Lincoln

By the President:
William H. Seward
Secretary of State

解放黑奴宣言是合众国总统于1862年9月22日颁布的。1863年1月1日又正式命令解放奴隶。黑人没有得到*权利，也没有得到土地。但“宣言”中表明林肯*已从*奴隶制转变为完全废除奴隶制，把战争放到新的基础上。

1862年9月22日，合众国总统曾发出一道宣言，其内容如下：

“1863年元月1日起，凡在当地人民尚在反抗合众国的任何一州之内，或一州的指明地区之内，为人占有而做奴隶的人们都应在那时及以后永远获得自由；公众国*行政部门，包括海陆军当局，将承认并保障这些人的自由，当他们或他们之中的任何人为自己的自由而作任何努力时，不作任何压制他们的行为。

*的行政部门将于上述的元月1日，以公告宣布那些州或那些州的那些地区的人民当时尚在反抗合众国，如果有的话；在那一天任何一州或其人民以大多数合法选举人参加选举出来的代表参加合众国国会，同时没有强有力的反证时，这种事实就是该州及其人民没有反抗合众国的确实证据”。

所以现在我，合众国总统阿伯拉罕·林肯，以在反抗合众国*当局的武装叛变时期被授权为合众国海陆军总司令的职权，作为一个适当的、必须的战略措施以便*上述叛变，特于1863年元月1日，从上面第一次所说之日起至今足足一百天的期间，根据这样的目的公开宣布现在反对合众国者有如下诸州及某些州的下列地区及其人民：

阿肯色、得克萨斯、路易西安那（除去圣伯尔拿、普拉奎明、哲斐孙、圣约翰、圣查理、圣詹姆士、亚森湘、亚森普欣、得里保恩、拉伐什、圣马利、圣马丁以及奥尔良等郡，包括新奥尔良城在内）、密西西比、阿拉巴马、弗罗里达、乔治亚、南卡罗来纳、北卡罗来纳和佛吉尼亚（除去西佛吉尼亚四十八个郡以及柏克立、阿康玛克、诺珊普顿、依利萨伯、约克、安公主、诺福克等郡包括诺福克和朴茨茅斯两城在内），这些除开的地区现在仍暂时维持本公告发出之前的原有状况。

为着上述的目的，我利用我的职权，正式命令并宣告在上述诸州以及某些州的上述地区以内所有作为奴录的人现在和今后永远获得自由；合众国*，包括海陆军当局在内，将承认并保持上述人们的自由。

我现在命令这些被宣布自由的人们，除非是必须的自卫，不得有违法行为；我劝告他们，在任何可能的情况下，他们应当忠实地为合理的工资而劳动。

我进一步宣告在适当条件下，这些人们可参加合众国的军事工作，驻守炮台、陈地、卫戍区域以及其他地区，以及在各种军舰上服役。

我真诚地相信这个举动是一个正义的举动，合于*的规定，根据军事的需要。我祈求人类的慎重判断和万能上帝的恩典。

作为证明，我署名于此并加盖合众国国玺。

于华盛顿，1863年元月1日

合众国独立第87周年。

阿伯拉罕·林肯

威廉·西华德（国务卿）

热心网友时间：2023-11-03 06:58